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1 manufacturing
A n1 ( sector of economy) industrie f ; the death of manufacturing la mort de l'industrie ; the importance of manufacturing l'importance de la production industrielle ;B modif [output, sector, workforce] industriel/-ielle ; [capacity, costs, system, technique, engineer] de production ; [process] de fabrication ; manufacturing plant usine f. -
2 Steinheil, Carl August von
[br]b. 1801 Roppoltsweiler, Alsaced. 1870 Munich, Germany[br]German physicist, founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria, and photographic innovator and lens designer.[br]Steinheil studied under Gauss at Göttingen and Bessel at Königsberg before jointing his parents at Munich. There he concentrated on optics before being appointed Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Munich in 1832. Immediately after the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes in 1839, he began experiments on photography in association with another professor at the University, Franz von Kobell. Steinheil is reputed to have made the first daguerreotypes in Germany; he certainly constructed several cameras of original design and suggested minor improvements to the daguerreotype process. In 1849 he was employed by the Austrian Government as Head of the Department of Telegraphy in the Ministry of Commerce. Electromagnetic telegraphy was an area in which Steinheil had worked for several years previously, and he was now appointed to supervise the installation of a working telegraphic system for the Austrian monarchy. He is considered to be the founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria and went on to perform a similar role in Switzerland.Steinheil's son, Hugo Adolph, was educated in Munich and Augsburg but moved to Austria to be with his parents in 1850. Adolph completed his studies in Vienna and was appointed to the Telegraph Department, headed by his father, in 1851. Adolph returned to Munich in 1852, however, to concentrate on the study of optics. In 1855 the father and son established the optical workshop which was later to become the distinguished lens-manufacturing company C.A. Steinheil Söhne. At first the business confined itself almost entirely to astronomical optics, but in 1865 the two men took out a joint patent for a wide-angle photographic lens claimed to be free of distortion. The lens, called the "periscopic", was not in fact free from flare and not achromatic, although it enjoyed some reputation at the time. Much more important was the achromatic development of this lens that was introduced in 1866 and called the "Aplanet"; almost simultaneously a similar lens, the "Rapid Rentilinear", was introduced by Dallmeyer in England, and for many years lenses of this type were fitted as the standard objective on most photographic cameras. During 1866 the elder Steinheil relinquished his interest in lens manufacturing, and control of the business passed to Adolph, with administrative and financial affairs being looked after by another son, Edward. After Carl Steinheil's death Adolph continued to design and market a series of high-quality photographic lenses until his own death.[br]Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York (a general account of the Steinheils's work).Most accounts of photographic lens history will give details of the Steinheils's more important work. See, for example, Chapman Jones, 1904, Science and Practice of Photography, 4th edn, London: and Rudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston.JWBiographical history of technology > Steinheil, Carl August von
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3 Brown, Joseph Rogers
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USAd. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA[br]American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.[br]Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.RTS -
4 Howe, Frederick Webster
[br]b. 28 August 1822 Danvers, Massachusetts, USAd. 25 April 1891 Providence, Rhode Island, USA[br]American mechanical engineer, machine-tool designer and inventor.[br]Frederick W.Howe attended local schools until the age of 16 and then entered the machine shop of Gay \& Silver at North Chelmsford, Massachusetts, as an apprentice and remained with that firm for nine years. He then joined Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont, as Assistant to Richard S. Lawrence in designing machine tools. A year later (1848) he was made Plant Superintendent. During his time with this firm, Howe designed a profiling machine which was used in all gun shops in the United States: a barrel-drilling and rifling machine, and the first commercially successful milling machine. Robbins \& Lawrence took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently in an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. From 1853 to 1856 Howe was in charge of the design and building of these machines. In 1856 he established his own armoury at Newark, New Jersey, but transferred after two years to Middletown, Connecticut, where he continued the manufacture of small arms until the outbreak of the Civil War. He then became Superintendent of the armoury of the Providence Tool Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and served in that capacity until the end of the war. In 1865 he went to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to assist Elias Howe with the manufacture of his sewing machine. After the death of Elias Howe, Frederick Howe returned to Providence to join the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company. As Superintendent of that establishment he worked with Joseph R. Brown in the development of many of the firm's products, including machinery for the Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machine then being made by Brown \& Sharpe. From 1876 Howe was in business on his own account as a consulting mechanical engineer and in his later years he was engaged in the development of shoe machinery and in designing a one-finger typewriter, which, however, was never completed. He was granted several patents, mainly in the fields of machine tools and firearms. As a designer, Howe was said to have been a perfectionist, making frequent improvements; when completed, his designs were always sound.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (provides biographical details).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Howe's contribution to the development of the milling machine).RTSBiographical history of technology > Howe, Frederick Webster
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5 Hurter, Ferdinand
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 15 March 1844 Schaffhausen, Switzerlandd. 5 March 1898[br]Swiss chemist who, with Vero Charles Driffield, established the basis of modern sensitometry in England.[br]Ferdinand Hurter worked for three years as a dyer's apprentice before entering the Polytechnic in Zurich; he transferred to Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1866. A year later he secured an appointment as a chemist for the British alkali manufacturing company, Gaskell, Deacon \& Co. of Widnes, Cheshire. In 1871 he was joined at the company by the young engineer Vero Charles Driffield, who was to become his co-worker. Driffield had worked for a professional photographer before beginning his engineering apprenticeship and it was in 1876, when Hurter sought to draw on this experience, that the partnership began. At this time the speed of the new gelatine halide dry plates was expressed in terms of the speed of a wet-collodion plate, an almost worthless concept as the speed of a collodion plate was itself variable. Hurter and Driffield sought to place the study of photographic emulsions on a more scientific basis. They constructed an actinometer to measure the intensity of sunlight and in 1890 published the first of a series of papers on the sensitivity of photographic plates. They suggested methods of exposing a plate to lights of known intensities and measuring the densities obtained on development. They were able to plot curves based on density and exposure which became known as the H \& D curve. Hurter and Driffield's work allowed them to express the characteristics of an emulsion with a nomenclature which was soon adopted by British plate manufacturers. From the 1890s onwards most British-made plates were identified with H \& D ratings. Hurter and Driffield's partnership was ended by the former's death in 1898.[br]Further ReadingW.B.Ferguson (ed.), 1920, The Photographic Researches of Ferdinand Hurter \& Vero C. Driffield, London: Royal Photographic Society reprinted in facsimile, with a new introd. by W.Clark, 1974, New York (a memorial volume; the most complete account of Hurter and Driffield's work, includes a reprint of all their published papers).JW -
6 McNaught, William
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 27 May 1813 Sneddon, Paisley, Scotlandd. 8 January 1881 Manchester, England[br]Scottish patentee of a very successful form of compounding beam engine with a high-pressure cylinder between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod.[br]Although born in Paisley, McNaught was educated in Glasgow where his parents had moved in 1820. He followed in his father's footsteps and became an engineer through an apprenticeship with Robert Napier at the Vulcan Works, Washington Street, Glasgow. He also attended science classes at the Andersonian University in the evenings and showed such competence that at the age of 19 he was offered the position of being in charge of the Fort-Gloster Mills on the Hoogly river in India. He remained there for four years until 1836, when he returned to Scotland because the climate was affecting his health.His father had added the revolving cylinder to the steam engine indicator, and this greatly simplified and extended its use. In 1838 William joined him in the business of manufacturing these indicators at Robertson Street, Glasgow. While advising textile manufacturers on the use of the indicator, he realized the need for more powerful, smoother-running and economical steam engines. He provided the answer by placing a high-pressure cylinder midway between the fulcrum of the beam and the connecting rod on an ordinary beam engine. The original cylinder was retained to act as the low-pressure cylinder of what became a compound engine. This layout not only reduced the pressures on the bearing surfaces and gave a smoother-running engine, which was one of McNaught's aims, but he probably did not anticipate just how much more economical his engines would be; they often gave a saving of fuel up to 40 per cent. This was because the steam pipe connecting the two cylinders acted as a receiver, something lacking in the Woolf compound, which enabled the steam to be expanded properly in both cylinders. McNaught took out his patent in 1845, and in 1849 he had to move to Manchester because his orders in Lancashire were so numerous and the scope was much greater there than in Glasgow. He took out further patents for equalizing the stress on the working parts, but none was as important as his original one, which was claimed to have been one of the greatest improvements since the steam engine left the hands of James Watt. He was one of the original promoters of the Boiler Insurance and Steam Power Company and was elected Chairman in 1865, a position he retained until a short time before his death.[br]Bibliography1845, British patent no. 11,001 (compounding beam engine).Further ReadingObituary, Engineer 51.Obituary, Engineering 31.R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (the fullest account of McNaught's proposals for compounding).RLH -
7 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 January 1888 London, Englandd. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England[br]English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.[br]Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1953. CBE 1918.Bibliography1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).Further ReadingA.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).CM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
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8 Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1 March 1866 New York, USAd. 9 April 1939 USA[br]American manufacturer and inventor of printing machinery, including a stereotype casting machine.[br]The son of a Congressman and mayor of New York, Wood was educated at Media Academy in Pennsylvania, specializing in scientific subjects. The death of his father in 1881 prevented his going on to college and he went to work at the Campbell Printing and Manufacturing Company, of which he became President in 1896. In the meantime, he had married the daughter of J.L.Brower, the previous head of the company. Later business consolidations brought into being the Wood Newspaper Machine Corporation.Wood was responsible for a series of inventions that brought great benefit to the newspaperprinting processes. Most notable was the Autoplate, patented first in 1900 and finally in 1903. This enabled a whole page of newspaper type to be cast in metal at once, saving much time and effort in the forming of stereotypes; this invention earned him the Elliott Cresson gold medal of the Franklin Institute in 1909. Other inventions were the Autoreel, a high-speed press-feeder device, and the Autopaster, which automatically replaced a spent paper roll with a new one in a newspaper press, without the need to stop the press. Wood's improved presses and inventions increased the speed of newspaper production from 24,000 to 60,000 copies per hour, printed and folded.He was also much interested in aviation and was an early member of the Aero Club of America, becoming its Vice-President for six years. He helped to found the magazine Flying and was its Editor from 1911 to 1919. He had predicted the part played by aircraft and submarines during the Second World War and was invited to join a panel of consulting inventors and engineers to assist the development of the US Navy. He was soon at odds with the authorities, however, and he resigned in 1915. After the war, he spent time in vigorous campaigning against immigration, America's entry into the League of Nations and on many other issues, in all of which he was highly controversial. Nevertheless, he retained his interest in the newspaper-machinery business, remaining President of his company until 1935 and Chairman of the Board thereafter. In 1934 he became Chairman of the NRA Code Authority of the newspaper-machine industry.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1939, New York Times (10 April). Obituary, 1939, New York Herald Tribune (10 April).LRDBiographical history of technology > Wood, Henry Alexander Wise
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9 Gaskill, Harvey Freeman
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 19 January 1845 Royalton, New York, USAd. 1 April 1889 Lockport, New York, USA[br]American mechanical engineer, inventor of the water-pumping engine with flywheel and reciprocating pumps.[br]Gaskill's father was a farmer near New York, where the son attended the local schools until he was 16 years old. At the age of 13 he already showed his mechanical aptitude by inventing a revolving hayrake, which was not exploited because the family had no money. His parents moved to Lockport, New York, where Harvey became a student at Lockport Union School and then the Poughkeepsie Commercial College, from which he graduated in 1866. After a period in his uncle's law office, he entered the firm of Penfield, Martin \& Gaskill to manufacture a patent clock. Then he was involved in a planing mill and a sash-and-blind manufactory. He devised a clothes spinner and a horse hayrake, but he did not manufacture them. In 1873 he became a draughtsman in the Holly Manufacturing Company in Lockport, which made pumping machinery for waterworks. He was promoted first to Engineer and then to Superintendent of the company in 1877. In 1885 he became a member of the Board of Directors and Vice-President. But for his untimely death, he might have become President. He was also a director of several other manufacturing concerns, public utilities and banks. In 1882 he produced a pump driven by a Woolf compound engine, which was the first time that rotary power with a crank and flywheel had been applied in waterworks. His design was more compact, more economical and lower in cost than previous types and gave the Holly Company a considerable advantage for a time over their main rivals, the Worthington Pump \& Machinery Company. These steam pumps became very popular in the United States and the type was also adopted in Britain.[br]Further ReadingAs well as obituaries appearing in many American engineering journals on Gaskill's death, there is an entry in the Dictionary of American Biography, 1931, Vol. VII, New York, C.Scribner's Sons.RLHBiographical history of technology > Gaskill, Harvey Freeman
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10 Bullard, Edward Payson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 18 April 1841 Uxbridge, Massachusetts, USAd. 22 December 1906 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer who designed machines for boring.[br]Edward Payson Bullard served his apprenticeship at the Whitin Machine Works, Whitinsville, Massachusetts, and worked at the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut, until 1863; he then entered the employ of Pratt \& Whitney, also in Hartford. He later formed a partnership with J.H.Prest and William Parsons manufacturing millwork and tools, the firm being known as Bullard \& Prest. In 1866 Bullard organized the Norwalk Iron Works Company of Norwalk, Connecticut, but afterwards withdrew and continued the business in Hartford. In 1868 the firm of Bullard \& Prest was dissolved and Bullard became Superintendent of a large machine shop in Athens, Georgia. He later organized the machine tool department of Post \& Co. at Cincinnati, and in 1872 he was made General Superintendent of the Gill Car Works at Columbus, Ohio. In 1875 he established a machinery business in Beekman Street, New York, under the name of Allis, Bullard \& Co. Mr Allis withdrew in 1877, and the Bullard Machine Company was organized.In 1880 Bullard secured entire control of the business and also became owner of the Bridgeport Machine Tool Works, Bridgeport, Connecticut. In 1883 he designed his first vertical boring and turning mill with a single head and belt feed and a 37 in. (94 cm) capacity; this was the first small boring machine designed to do the accurate work previously done on the face plate of a lathe. In 1889 Bullard gave up his New York interests and concentrated his entire attention on manufacturing at Bridgeport, the business being incorporated in 1894 as the Bullard Machine Tool Company. The company specialized in the construction of boring machines, the design being developed so that it became essentially a vertical turret lathe. After Bullard's death, his son Edward Payson Bullard II (b. 10 July 1872 Columbus, Ohio, USA; d. 26 June 1953 Fairfield, Connecticut, USA) continued as head of the company and further developed the boring machine into a vertical multi-spindle automatic lathe which he called the "Mult-au-matic" lathe. Both father and son were members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (describes Bullard's machines).RTS -
11 Crossley, Sir Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 October 1817 Halifax, Englandd. 5 January 1872 Belle Vue, Halifax, England[br]English developer of a power loom for weaving carpets.[br]Francis Crossley was the youngest of three brothers employed in their father's carpet-weaving business in Halifax and who took over the running of the company on their father's death in 1837. Francis seems to have been the one with technical ability, for it was he who saw the possibilities of weaving by power. Growth of the company was rapid through his policy of acquiring patents and then improving them, and it was soon at the forefront of the carpet-manufacturing trade. He had taken out rights on the patents of John Hill of Manchester, but his experiments with Hill's looms for weaving carpets were not successful.In the spring of 1850 Francis asked a textile inventor, George Collier of Barnsley, to develop a power loom for carpet manufacture. Collier produced a model that was a distinct advance on earlier looms, and Francis engaged him to perfect a power loom for weaving tapestry and Brussels carpets. After a great deal of money had been expended, a patent was taken out in 1850 in the name of his brother, Joseph Crossley, for a loom that could weave velvet as well as carpets and included some of the ideas of the American E.B. Bigelow. This new loom proved to be a great advance on all the earlier ones, and thus brought the Crossleys a great fortune from both sales of patent rights and the production of carpets from their mills, which were soon enlarged.According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Francis Crossley was Mayor of Halifax in 1849 and 1850, but Hogg gives this position to his elder brother John. In 1852 Francis was returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Halifax, and in 1859 he became the member for the West Riding. Among his benefactions, in 1855 he gave to the town of Halifax a twelve-acre park that cost £41,300; a statue of him was erected there. In the same year he endowed twenty-one almshouses. In 1863 a baronetcy was conferred upon him in recognition of his commercial and public services, which he continued to perform until his death. In 1870 he gave the London Missionary Society £20,000, their largest single donation up to that time, and another £10,000 to the Congregational Pastor's Retiring Fund. He became ill when on a journey to the Holy Land in 1869, but although he made a partial recovery he grew worse again towards the end of 1871 and died early in the following year. He left £800,000 in his will.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1863.Further ReadingObituary, 1872, The Times 6 January.Dictionary of National Biography.J.Hogg (ed.), n.d., Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Crossley's career).RLH -
12 Ford, Henry
[br]b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USAd. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA[br]American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.[br]He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.[br]Bibliography1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.Further ReadingR.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
13 MD
1) Общая лексика: измеренная глубина (measured depth)2) Компьютерная техника: Make Directory, Memory Disk, Meta Directory, Move Directory, Multiple Device, Multiplication Division, мини диск3) Медицина: Manic Depressant, Mental Disorder, Mind Destroying, врач, доктор, доктор медицины4) Военный термин: Maintenance And Diagnostics, Maintenance Diagnostic, Maniacal Dictator, Marine detachment, Marshalled Deployability, Material Development, Medical Department, Messy Desk, Meteorology Department, Minister of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Missile Defense, Mission Director, Mobilization Department, More Damage, More Death, Most Dangerous, Multi Directional, malfunction detection, management data, management directive, managing, managing director, map distance, materiel development, mean deviation, mechanically drawn, medical discharge, mess deck, message data, message-dropping, methyldichloroarsine, metropolitan district, milestone date, military district, mine depot, mine detection, mine disposal, miss distance, missile division, mission day, mission dependent, mobile depot, mobilization deployment, mobilization designation, modular design, monitor display, movement directive5) Техника: magnetic drum, mass defect, measured discard, meteorological device, microprocessor device, midcourse discrimination, modulation-demodulation, modulator, modulator-demodulator, motor-driven, multidimensional, multiplier/divider6) Сельское хозяйство: Marek's disease7) Шутливое выражение: Mac Daddy, Magic Damage, Magma Dragoon, Maniacal Doctor, Mean Dork, Medical Deity, Medical Deviate, Medical Diety, Medical Dissident, Medical Divinity, Medical Dunce, Mentally Defective, Merry Devil, Michael's Dream, Mirth Doctor, Miserable Doctor8) Математика: Mathematical Disposition, среднее отклонение (mean deviation), средняя разность (mean difference)9) Религия: Major Deity, Minor Deity, Most Divine10) Юридический термин: Majorly Demented, Malignant Denial, Mandatory Disclosure, Mentally Deranged, Morally Deficient, More Dope, Mucho Dough11) Экономика: Управляющий директор, директор-распорядитель (Managing Director)12) Бухгалтерия: Money Deficient13) Страхование: malicious damage14) Астрономия: Matter Dominated15) Ветеринария: Mad Dog16) Грубое выражение: Magneto Damn, Major Dumbass17) Металлургия: Manual Damper18) Музыка: Mad Drumming, Metered Diaphragm, Mountain Dulcimer, Musical Diversity19) Политика: Maybe Democrat, Moldova20) Телекоммуникации: Message Digest (IETF; MD2, MD4, MD5)21) Сокращение: Doctor of Medicine, Manufacturing Development, Maryland (US state), Materiels Directorate (US Army), Medical Doctor, Methyldichloroarsine (Chemical warfare blister agent), Moldavia, Months after Date, Musical Director, distance in miles, manual data, mentally deficient, milestone dates, motor direct22) Текстиль: Marked Down23) Университет: Mathematical Department, Music Director24) Физика: Magnetic Dipole, Most Dominant25) Физиология: Motion-defined, Muscular Dystrophy, maintenance dialysis26) Электроника: Molecular Dynamics27) Вычислительная техника: Make Directory (DOS, OS/2), Maryland (US state postal designation)28) Связь: Mediation Device (TMN)29) Транспорт: Morning Disaster, Motor Drive30) Пищевая промышленность: Meat Dog, Mogen David, Mostly Desserts, Mountain Dew31) СМИ: Madden Discussions, Microphone Doctor, Mini Disc, Monolog Doctor32) Бурение: drilled depth, глубина забоя, глубина по стволу, глубина по стволу скважины, забой, измеренное расстояние от устья скважины до некоторой точки в скважине33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: measured depth (of the well), medium pressure, глубина по инструменту (measured depth), измеренная глубина глубина по стволу (of the well; скважины, measured depth)34) Почта: Maryland (US postal abbreviation)35) Менеджмент: директор-распорядитель36) Образование: Mathematically Deficient, Medium To Difficult, Mentally Disabled37) Сетевые технологии: management domain, домен управления38) Полимеры: machine direction, maintenance division, maximum demand39) Программирование: Machine Dependent40) Автоматика: manufacturing director, mounting diameter, mounting distance, multiple drive41) Контроль качества: mean difference42) Сахалин Р: measured depth, measured depth of the well43) Макаров: молекулярная динамика44) Расширение файла: Monochrome Display, Mini Disk (Sony)45) Электротехника: mean downtime46) США: Maryland47) Фантастика Mad Doctor, Major Doona48) Имена и фамилии: Mickey Dolenz49) ООН: Media Division50) Hi-Fi. MiniDisc51) Должность: Mall Detective, Manly Dude, Marketing Director, Master Of Disguise, Medical Detective, Medicinae Doctor, Metaphysical Doctor, Multi Degree, Musical Doctor52) Чат: Mysterious Dude53) НАСА: Mini- Disk54) Программное обеспечение: Manufactured Diagnostics55) Единицы измерений: Man Days, Million Dollar56) Базы данных: Meta Data -
14 Md
1) Общая лексика: измеренная глубина (measured depth)2) Компьютерная техника: Make Directory, Memory Disk, Meta Directory, Move Directory, Multiple Device, Multiplication Division, мини диск3) Медицина: Manic Depressant, Mental Disorder, Mind Destroying, врач, доктор, доктор медицины4) Военный термин: Maintenance And Diagnostics, Maintenance Diagnostic, Maniacal Dictator, Marine detachment, Marshalled Deployability, Material Development, Medical Department, Messy Desk, Meteorology Department, Minister of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Missile Defense, Mission Director, Mobilization Department, More Damage, More Death, Most Dangerous, Multi Directional, malfunction detection, management data, management directive, managing, managing director, map distance, materiel development, mean deviation, mechanically drawn, medical discharge, mess deck, message data, message-dropping, methyldichloroarsine, metropolitan district, milestone date, military district, mine depot, mine detection, mine disposal, miss distance, missile division, mission day, mission dependent, mobile depot, mobilization deployment, mobilization designation, modular design, monitor display, movement directive5) Техника: magnetic drum, mass defect, measured discard, meteorological device, microprocessor device, midcourse discrimination, modulation-demodulation, modulator, modulator-demodulator, motor-driven, multidimensional, multiplier/divider6) Сельское хозяйство: Marek's disease7) Шутливое выражение: Mac Daddy, Magic Damage, Magma Dragoon, Maniacal Doctor, Mean Dork, Medical Deity, Medical Deviate, Medical Diety, Medical Dissident, Medical Divinity, Medical Dunce, Mentally Defective, Merry Devil, Michael's Dream, Mirth Doctor, Miserable Doctor8) Математика: Mathematical Disposition, среднее отклонение (mean deviation), средняя разность (mean difference)9) Религия: Major Deity, Minor Deity, Most Divine10) Юридический термин: Majorly Demented, Malignant Denial, Mandatory Disclosure, Mentally Deranged, Morally Deficient, More Dope, Mucho Dough11) Экономика: Управляющий директор, директор-распорядитель (Managing Director)12) Бухгалтерия: Money Deficient13) Страхование: malicious damage14) Астрономия: Matter Dominated15) Ветеринария: Mad Dog16) Грубое выражение: Magneto Damn, Major Dumbass17) Металлургия: Manual Damper18) Музыка: Mad Drumming, Metered Diaphragm, Mountain Dulcimer, Musical Diversity19) Политика: Maybe Democrat, Moldova20) Телекоммуникации: Message Digest (IETF; MD2, MD4, MD5)21) Сокращение: Doctor of Medicine, Manufacturing Development, Maryland (US state), Materiels Directorate (US Army), Medical Doctor, Methyldichloroarsine (Chemical warfare blister agent), Moldavia, Months after Date, Musical Director, distance in miles, manual data, mentally deficient, milestone dates, motor direct22) Текстиль: Marked Down23) Университет: Mathematical Department, Music Director24) Физика: Magnetic Dipole, Most Dominant25) Физиология: Motion-defined, Muscular Dystrophy, maintenance dialysis26) Электроника: Molecular Dynamics27) Вычислительная техника: Make Directory (DOS, OS/2), Maryland (US state postal designation)28) Связь: Mediation Device (TMN)29) Транспорт: Morning Disaster, Motor Drive30) Пищевая промышленность: Meat Dog, Mogen David, Mostly Desserts, Mountain Dew31) СМИ: Madden Discussions, Microphone Doctor, Mini Disc, Monolog Doctor32) Бурение: drilled depth, глубина забоя, глубина по стволу, глубина по стволу скважины, забой, измеренное расстояние от устья скважины до некоторой точки в скважине33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: measured depth (of the well), medium pressure, глубина по инструменту (measured depth), измеренная глубина глубина по стволу (of the well; скважины, measured depth)34) Почта: Maryland (US postal abbreviation)35) Менеджмент: директор-распорядитель36) Образование: Mathematically Deficient, Medium To Difficult, Mentally Disabled37) Сетевые технологии: management domain, домен управления38) Полимеры: machine direction, maintenance division, maximum demand39) Программирование: Machine Dependent40) Автоматика: manufacturing director, mounting diameter, mounting distance, multiple drive41) Контроль качества: mean difference42) Сахалин Р: measured depth, measured depth of the well43) Макаров: молекулярная динамика44) Расширение файла: Monochrome Display, Mini Disk (Sony)45) Электротехника: mean downtime46) США: Maryland47) Фантастика Mad Doctor, Major Doona48) Имена и фамилии: Mickey Dolenz49) ООН: Media Division50) Hi-Fi. MiniDisc51) Должность: Mall Detective, Manly Dude, Marketing Director, Master Of Disguise, Medical Detective, Medicinae Doctor, Metaphysical Doctor, Multi Degree, Musical Doctor52) Чат: Mysterious Dude53) НАСА: Mini- Disk54) Программное обеспечение: Manufactured Diagnostics55) Единицы измерений: Man Days, Million Dollar56) Базы данных: Meta Data -
15 mD
1) Общая лексика: измеренная глубина (measured depth)2) Компьютерная техника: Make Directory, Memory Disk, Meta Directory, Move Directory, Multiple Device, Multiplication Division, мини диск3) Медицина: Manic Depressant, Mental Disorder, Mind Destroying, врач, доктор, доктор медицины4) Военный термин: Maintenance And Diagnostics, Maintenance Diagnostic, Maniacal Dictator, Marine detachment, Marshalled Deployability, Material Development, Medical Department, Messy Desk, Meteorology Department, Minister of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Missile Defense, Mission Director, Mobilization Department, More Damage, More Death, Most Dangerous, Multi Directional, malfunction detection, management data, management directive, managing, managing director, map distance, materiel development, mean deviation, mechanically drawn, medical discharge, mess deck, message data, message-dropping, methyldichloroarsine, metropolitan district, milestone date, military district, mine depot, mine detection, mine disposal, miss distance, missile division, mission day, mission dependent, mobile depot, mobilization deployment, mobilization designation, modular design, monitor display, movement directive5) Техника: magnetic drum, mass defect, measured discard, meteorological device, microprocessor device, midcourse discrimination, modulation-demodulation, modulator, modulator-demodulator, motor-driven, multidimensional, multiplier/divider6) Сельское хозяйство: Marek's disease7) Шутливое выражение: Mac Daddy, Magic Damage, Magma Dragoon, Maniacal Doctor, Mean Dork, Medical Deity, Medical Deviate, Medical Diety, Medical Dissident, Medical Divinity, Medical Dunce, Mentally Defective, Merry Devil, Michael's Dream, Mirth Doctor, Miserable Doctor8) Математика: Mathematical Disposition, среднее отклонение (mean deviation), средняя разность (mean difference)9) Религия: Major Deity, Minor Deity, Most Divine10) Юридический термин: Majorly Demented, Malignant Denial, Mandatory Disclosure, Mentally Deranged, Morally Deficient, More Dope, Mucho Dough11) Экономика: Управляющий директор, директор-распорядитель (Managing Director)12) Бухгалтерия: Money Deficient13) Страхование: malicious damage14) Астрономия: Matter Dominated15) Ветеринария: Mad Dog16) Грубое выражение: Magneto Damn, Major Dumbass17) Металлургия: Manual Damper18) Музыка: Mad Drumming, Metered Diaphragm, Mountain Dulcimer, Musical Diversity19) Политика: Maybe Democrat, Moldova20) Телекоммуникации: Message Digest (IETF; MD2, MD4, MD5)21) Сокращение: Doctor of Medicine, Manufacturing Development, Maryland (US state), Materiels Directorate (US Army), Medical Doctor, Methyldichloroarsine (Chemical warfare blister agent), Moldavia, Months after Date, Musical Director, distance in miles, manual data, mentally deficient, milestone dates, motor direct22) Текстиль: Marked Down23) Университет: Mathematical Department, Music Director24) Физика: Magnetic Dipole, Most Dominant25) Физиология: Motion-defined, Muscular Dystrophy, maintenance dialysis26) Электроника: Molecular Dynamics27) Вычислительная техника: Make Directory (DOS, OS/2), Maryland (US state postal designation)28) Связь: Mediation Device (TMN)29) Транспорт: Morning Disaster, Motor Drive30) Пищевая промышленность: Meat Dog, Mogen David, Mostly Desserts, Mountain Dew31) СМИ: Madden Discussions, Microphone Doctor, Mini Disc, Monolog Doctor32) Бурение: drilled depth, глубина забоя, глубина по стволу, глубина по стволу скважины, забой, измеренное расстояние от устья скважины до некоторой точки в скважине33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: measured depth (of the well), medium pressure, глубина по инструменту (measured depth), измеренная глубина глубина по стволу (of the well; скважины, measured depth)34) Почта: Maryland (US postal abbreviation)35) Менеджмент: директор-распорядитель36) Образование: Mathematically Deficient, Medium To Difficult, Mentally Disabled37) Сетевые технологии: management domain, домен управления38) Полимеры: machine direction, maintenance division, maximum demand39) Программирование: Machine Dependent40) Автоматика: manufacturing director, mounting diameter, mounting distance, multiple drive41) Контроль качества: mean difference42) Сахалин Р: measured depth, measured depth of the well43) Макаров: молекулярная динамика44) Расширение файла: Monochrome Display, Mini Disk (Sony)45) Электротехника: mean downtime46) США: Maryland47) Фантастика Mad Doctor, Major Doona48) Имена и фамилии: Mickey Dolenz49) ООН: Media Division50) Hi-Fi. MiniDisc51) Должность: Mall Detective, Manly Dude, Marketing Director, Master Of Disguise, Medical Detective, Medicinae Doctor, Metaphysical Doctor, Multi Degree, Musical Doctor52) Чат: Mysterious Dude53) НАСА: Mini- Disk54) Программное обеспечение: Manufactured Diagnostics55) Единицы измерений: Man Days, Million Dollar56) Базы данных: Meta Data -
16 md
1) Общая лексика: измеренная глубина (measured depth)2) Компьютерная техника: Make Directory, Memory Disk, Meta Directory, Move Directory, Multiple Device, Multiplication Division, мини диск3) Медицина: Manic Depressant, Mental Disorder, Mind Destroying, врач, доктор, доктор медицины4) Военный термин: Maintenance And Diagnostics, Maintenance Diagnostic, Maniacal Dictator, Marine detachment, Marshalled Deployability, Material Development, Medical Department, Messy Desk, Meteorology Department, Minister of Defense, Ministry of Defense, Missile Defense, Mission Director, Mobilization Department, More Damage, More Death, Most Dangerous, Multi Directional, malfunction detection, management data, management directive, managing, managing director, map distance, materiel development, mean deviation, mechanically drawn, medical discharge, mess deck, message data, message-dropping, methyldichloroarsine, metropolitan district, milestone date, military district, mine depot, mine detection, mine disposal, miss distance, missile division, mission day, mission dependent, mobile depot, mobilization deployment, mobilization designation, modular design, monitor display, movement directive5) Техника: magnetic drum, mass defect, measured discard, meteorological device, microprocessor device, midcourse discrimination, modulation-demodulation, modulator, modulator-demodulator, motor-driven, multidimensional, multiplier/divider6) Сельское хозяйство: Marek's disease7) Шутливое выражение: Mac Daddy, Magic Damage, Magma Dragoon, Maniacal Doctor, Mean Dork, Medical Deity, Medical Deviate, Medical Diety, Medical Dissident, Medical Divinity, Medical Dunce, Mentally Defective, Merry Devil, Michael's Dream, Mirth Doctor, Miserable Doctor8) Математика: Mathematical Disposition, среднее отклонение (mean deviation), средняя разность (mean difference)9) Религия: Major Deity, Minor Deity, Most Divine10) Юридический термин: Majorly Demented, Malignant Denial, Mandatory Disclosure, Mentally Deranged, Morally Deficient, More Dope, Mucho Dough11) Экономика: Управляющий директор, директор-распорядитель (Managing Director)12) Бухгалтерия: Money Deficient13) Страхование: malicious damage14) Астрономия: Matter Dominated15) Ветеринария: Mad Dog16) Грубое выражение: Magneto Damn, Major Dumbass17) Металлургия: Manual Damper18) Музыка: Mad Drumming, Metered Diaphragm, Mountain Dulcimer, Musical Diversity19) Политика: Maybe Democrat, Moldova20) Телекоммуникации: Message Digest (IETF; MD2, MD4, MD5)21) Сокращение: Doctor of Medicine, Manufacturing Development, Maryland (US state), Materiels Directorate (US Army), Medical Doctor, Methyldichloroarsine (Chemical warfare blister agent), Moldavia, Months after Date, Musical Director, distance in miles, manual data, mentally deficient, milestone dates, motor direct22) Текстиль: Marked Down23) Университет: Mathematical Department, Music Director24) Физика: Magnetic Dipole, Most Dominant25) Физиология: Motion-defined, Muscular Dystrophy, maintenance dialysis26) Электроника: Molecular Dynamics27) Вычислительная техника: Make Directory (DOS, OS/2), Maryland (US state postal designation)28) Связь: Mediation Device (TMN)29) Транспорт: Morning Disaster, Motor Drive30) Пищевая промышленность: Meat Dog, Mogen David, Mostly Desserts, Mountain Dew31) СМИ: Madden Discussions, Microphone Doctor, Mini Disc, Monolog Doctor32) Бурение: drilled depth, глубина забоя, глубина по стволу, глубина по стволу скважины, забой, измеренное расстояние от устья скважины до некоторой точки в скважине33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: measured depth (of the well), medium pressure, глубина по инструменту (measured depth), измеренная глубина глубина по стволу (of the well; скважины, measured depth)34) Почта: Maryland (US postal abbreviation)35) Менеджмент: директор-распорядитель36) Образование: Mathematically Deficient, Medium To Difficult, Mentally Disabled37) Сетевые технологии: management domain, домен управления38) Полимеры: machine direction, maintenance division, maximum demand39) Программирование: Machine Dependent40) Автоматика: manufacturing director, mounting diameter, mounting distance, multiple drive41) Контроль качества: mean difference42) Сахалин Р: measured depth, measured depth of the well43) Макаров: молекулярная динамика44) Расширение файла: Monochrome Display, Mini Disk (Sony)45) Электротехника: mean downtime46) США: Maryland47) Фантастика Mad Doctor, Major Doona48) Имена и фамилии: Mickey Dolenz49) ООН: Media Division50) Hi-Fi. MiniDisc51) Должность: Mall Detective, Manly Dude, Marketing Director, Master Of Disguise, Medical Detective, Medicinae Doctor, Metaphysical Doctor, Multi Degree, Musical Doctor52) Чат: Mysterious Dude53) НАСА: Mini- Disk54) Программное обеспечение: Manufactured Diagnostics55) Единицы измерений: Man Days, Million Dollar56) Базы данных: Meta Data -
17 world
wə:ld1) (the planet Earth: every country of the world.) mundo2) (the people who live on the planet Earth: The whole world is waiting for a cure for cancer.) mundo3) (any planet etc: people from other worlds.) mundo4) (a state of existence: Many people believe that after death the soul enters the next world; Do concentrate! You seem to be living in another world.) mundo5) (an area of life or activity: the insect world; the world of the international businessman.) mundo6) (a great deal: The holiday did him a/the world of good.) inmenso7) (the lives and ways of ordinary people: He's been a monk for so long that he knows nothing of the (outside) world.) mundo•- worldly- worldliness
- worldwide
- World Wide Web
- the best of both worlds
- for all the world
- out of this world
- what in the world? - what in the world
world n mundotr[wɜːld]1 (earth) mundo2 (sphere) mundo3 (life) mundo, vida4 (people) mundowhat is the world coming to? ¿a dónde iremos a parar?5 (large amount, large number)this will make a world of difference to the disabled esto cambiará totalmente la vida de los minusválidos1 (population, peace) mundial; (politics, trade) internacional\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLnot to do something for (all) the world no hacer algo por nada del mundoa man/woman of the world un hombre/una mujer de mundoit's a small world el mundo es un pañueloit's not the end of the world no es el fin del mundoout of this world fenomenal, estupendo,-a, increíble, fantástico,-athe outside world el mundo exteriorthe world is one's oyster el mundo es suyo, tener el mundo a sus piesto be/mean all the world to somebody serlo todo para alguiento be dead/lost to the world estar profundamente dormido,-ato come down in the world venir a menosto go up in the world prosperar, mejorarto have the best of both worlds tener todas las ventajasto live in a world of one's own vivir en su propio mundoto see the world ver mundoto set the world on fire comerse el mundoto think the world of somebody querer mucho a alguien, adorar a alguienWorld Bank Banco Mundialworld champion campeón,-ona mundialWorld Cup el Mundial, los Mundialesworld fair exposición nombre femenino internacionalworld music música étnicaWorld War I primera guerra mundialWorld War II segunda guerra mundialworld ['wərld] adj: mundial, del mundoworld championship: campeonato mundialworld n: mundo maround the world: alrededor del mundoa world of possibilities: un mundo de posibilidadesto think the world of someone: tener a alguien en alta estimato be worlds apart: no tener nada que ver (uno con otro)adj.• mundano, -a adj.• mundial adj.• mundo, -a adj.n.• mundo s.m.• orbe s.m.• siglo s.m.• tierra s.f.wɜːrld, wɜːld1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)[wɜːld]this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
1. N1) (=planet) mundo mour company leads the world in shoe manufacturing — nuestra empresa es líder mundial en la confección de calzado
•
in the best of all possible worlds — en el mejor de los mundos•
it's not the end of the world! * — ¡no es el fin del mundo!•
the tallest man in the world — el hombre más alto del mundo•
the New World — el Nuevo Mundo•
the Old World — el Viejo Mundo•
she has travelled all over the world — ha viajado por todo el mundoit's the same the world over — es igual en todo el mundo, es igual vayas a donde vayas
•
in a perfect world this would be possible — en un mundo ideal or perfecto esto sería posible•
you have to start living in the real world — tienes que empezar a afrontar la vida or la realidad•
to go round the world — dar la vuelta al mundo•
to see the world — ver mundo•
to take the world as it is — aceptar la realidad, aceptar las cosas como son•
the worst of all possible worlds — el peor de todos los mundos posibles- have the world at one's feet- live in a world of one's own- feel on top of the worlddead 1., 1), money 1., 1), third 4.2) (=realm) mundo m•
the animal world — el reino animal•
the Arab world — el mundo árabe•
the business world — el mundo de los negocios•
the English-speaking world — el mundo de habla inglesa•
the plant world — el reino vegetal•
the world of sport — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the sporting world — el mundo deportivo, el mundo de los deportes•
the Western world — el mundo occidental3) (=society) mundo mher blouse was undone for all the world to see — tenía la blusa desabrochada a la vista de todo el mundo
•
to be alone in the world — estar solo en el mundo, no tener a nadie en el mundo- come down in the world- go up in the worldman 1., 1), outside 3., 1), way 1., 2)4) (=life) mundo min this world — en esta vida, en este mundo
•
to bring a child into the world — traer a un niño al mundo•
to come into the world — venir al mundo•
in the next world — en la otra vida, en el otro mundo•
the other world — el otro mundo- have the best of both worlds•
for all the world as if it had never happened — como si nunca hubiera ocurrido•
they're worlds apart — son totalmente opuestos or diferentes, no tiene nada que ver el uno con el otrothey're worlds apart politically — políticamente los separa un abismo, mantienen posiciones políticas totalmente diferentes
•
there's a world of difference between... — hay un mundo or abismo entre...•
I'd give the world to know — daría todo el oro del mundo por saberlo•
it did him the world of good — le sentó de maravilla, le hizo la mar de bien *•
nothing in the world would make me do it — no lo haría por nada del mundohow in the world did you manage to do it? * — ¿cómo demonios or diablos conseguiste hacerlo?
what in the world were you thinking of! * — ¡qué demonios or diablos estabas pensando! *
where in the world has he got to? * — ¿dónde demonios or diablos se ha metido? *
why in the world did you do that? * — ¿por qué demonios or diablos hiciste eso? *
•
she means the world to me — ella significa muchísimo para mí•
not for all the world — por nada del mundo•
he promised me the world — me prometió la luna•
to think the world of sb — tener a algn en gran estima2.CPD [economy, proportions] mundial; [events, news] internacional; [trade] internacional, mundial; [tour] mundial, alrededor del mundoWorld Bank N — Banco m Mundial
world beater N — campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world champion N — campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
world championship N — campeonato m mundial, campeonato m del mundo
the World Cup N — (Ftbl) la Copa Mundial, la Copa del Mundo
world fair N — feria f universal
World Heritage Site N — lugar m patrimonio de la humanidad
world language N — lengua f universal
world leader N — [of country, company] líder m mundial; (=politician) jefe(-a) m / f de estado
world market N — mercado m mundial
world market price N — precio m (del mercado) mundial
world music N — músicas fpl del mundo, world music f
world order N — orden m mundial
world power N — (=country) potencia f mundial
world premiere N — estreno m mundial
world record N — récord m mundial
world's champion N — (US) campeón(-ona) m / f del mundo, campeón(-ona) m / f mundial
World Series N — (US) campeonato m mundial de béisbol
See:see cultural note BASEBALL in baseballWorld Service N — (Brit) servicio internacional de la BBC
world title N — título m mundial
•
the World Trade Organization — la Organización Mundial del Comercioworld view N — cosmovisión f
World War One/Two — la Primera/Segunda Guerra Mundial
* * *[wɜːrld, wɜːld]1) ( earth) mundo mto see the world — ver* mundo
there were celebrations all over the world o the world over — hubo festejos en todo el mundo or en el mundo entero
world's (AmE) o (BrE) world record time — récord m or marca f mundial
(it's a) small world! — el mundo es un pañuelo, qué pequeño or (AmL) chico es el mundo!
the world is his/her oyster — tiene el mundo a sus pies
to be dead o lost to the world — estar* profundamente dormido
to be out of this world — \<\<food/music\>\> ser* increíble or fantástico
to bring somebody into the world — traer* a alguien al mundo
to come into the world — venir* al mundo
to have the best of both worlds — tener* todas las ventajas
money makes the world go around — poderoso caballero es don dinero; (before n) <economy, peace> mundial; <politics, trade> internacional
2)a) ( people generally) mundo mwhat is the world coming to? — ¿adónde vamos a ir a parar?
to watch the world go by — ver* pasar a la gente
b) ( society)they've gone up in the world — han prosperado mucho (or hecho fortuna etc)
a woman/man of the world — una mujer/un hombre de mundo
3) (specific period, group) mundo mto live in a world of one's own — vivir en su (or mi etc) propio mundo
there's a world of difference between... — hay una diferencia enorme entre..., hay un abismo entre...
we are worlds apart — no tenemos nada que ver, somos como el día y la noche
to have all the time in the world — tener* todo el tiempo del mundo
who in the world is going to believe that? — ¿quién diablos or demonios se va a creer eso? (fam)
5) ( Relig)this/the other world — este/el otro mundo
-
18 end
end [end]1 noun(a) (furthermost part, tip, edge) bout m, extrémité f;∎ at the end of the garden au bout ou fond du jardin;∎ it's at the other end of town c'est à l'autre bout de la ville;∎ at the northern end of the park/town/lake à l'extrémité nord du parc/de la ville/du lac;∎ the rope is frayed at this end/at that end/at one end la corde est effilochée à ce bout-ci/à ce bout-là/au bout;∎ at either end of the political spectrum aux deux extrémités de l'éventail politique;∎ Telecommunications at the other end of the line au bout de la ligne;∎ from one end of the country/of the town to the other d'un bout à l'autre du pays/de la ville;∎ they live in the end house ils habitent la dernière maison, au bout de la rue;∎ third from the end troisième en partant de la fin;∎ Sport to change ends changer de côté(b) (area, aspect) côté m;∎ how are things (at) your end? comment ça va de ton côté ou pour toi?;∎ what's the weather like at your end? (in phone conversation) quel temps fait-il chez vous?, quel temps est-ce que vous avez?;∎ the marketing/manufacturing end of the operation le côté marketing/fabrication de l'opération, tout ce qui est marketing/fabrication;∎ to come to the end of the road arriver au bout de la route; figurative (in one's career) arriver au bout de sa carrière; (in one's life) arriver au bout de sa vie; (be unable to make progress) être dans une impasse;∎ this is the end of the road or line c'est fini;∎ figurative to get hold of the wrong end of the stick mal comprendre;∎ to go to the ends of the earth aller jusqu'au bout du monde;∎ to keep one's end of the bargain tenir parole;∎ to keep one's end up tenir bon;∎ he doesn't know or can't tell one end of a word processor from the other il ne sait même pas à quoi ressemble un traitement de texte;∎ to make (both) ends meet (financially) joindre les deux bouts(c) (conclusion, finish) fin f;∎ at the end of July/of spring/of the year à la fin du mois de juillet/du printemps/de l'année;∎ from beginning to end du début à la fin, de bout en bout;∎ to read to the end of a book, to read a book to the end lire un livre jusqu'au bout ou jusqu'à la fin;∎ I waited until the end of the meeting j'ai attendu la fin de la réunion;∎ to be at an end être terminé ou fini;∎ my patience is at or has come to an end ma patience est à bout;∎ to be at the end of one's resources/one's strength avoir épuisé ses ressources/ses forces;∎ Finance end of the financial year clôture f de l'exercice;∎ to come to an end s'achever, prendre fin;∎ to draw to an end arriver ou toucher à sa fin;∎ to put an end to sth mettre fin à qch;∎ we want an end to the war nous voulons que cette guerre cesse ou prenne fin;∎ the end of the world la fin du monde;∎ familiar it's not the end of the world! ce n'est pas la fin du monde!;∎ until the end of time jusqu'à la fin des temps;∎ the end is nigh la fin est proche;∎ and that was the end of that et ça s'est terminé comme ça;∎ let that be an end to the matter! qu'on en finisse là!, qu'on n'en parle plus!;∎ familiar he's/you're the end! (impossible) il est/tu es incroyable!; (extremely funny) il est/tu es trop (drôle)!;∎ to come to a bad end mal finir;∎ familiar end of story! (stop arguing) plus de discussions!; (I don't want to talk about it) un point, c'est tout!;∎ we'll never hear the end of it on n'a pas fini d'en entendre parler;∎ is there no end to his talents? a-t-il donc tous les talents?, n'y a-t-il pas de limite à ses talents?∎ to achieve or to attain one's end atteindre son but;∎ with this end in view or mind, to this end dans ce but, à cette fin;∎ formal to what end? dans quel but?, à quelle fin?;∎ for political ends à des fins politiques;∎ an end in itself une fin en soi;∎ the end justifies the means la fin justifie les moyens(e) (remnant → of cloth, rope) bout m; (→ of loaf) croûton m; (→ of candle) bout; (→ of cigarette) bout, mégot m∎ to meet one's end trouver la mort;∎ to be nearing one's end être à l'article de la mort;∎ I was with him at the end j'étais auprès de lui dans ses derniers moments(house, seat, table) du bout(speech, novel) terminer, conclure; (meeting, discussion) clore; (day) terminer, finir; (war, speculation, relationship) mettre fin ou un terme à; (work, task) terminer, finir, achever;∎ she ended the letter with a promise to write again soon elle a terminé la lettre en promettant de récrire bientôt;∎ the war to end all wars la der des ders;∎ the joke to end all jokes la meilleure blague qu'on ait jamais entendue;∎ he decided to end it all (life, relationship) il décida d'en finir;∎ she ended her days in a retirement home elle a fini ses jours dans une maison de retraite(story, film) finir, se terminer, s'achever; (path, road etc) se terminer, s'arrêter; (season, holiday) se terminer, toucher à sa fin;∎ to end happily (of story) avoir une fin heureuse, bien se terminer;∎ how or where will it all end? comment tout cela finira-t-il ou se terminera-t-il?;∎ where does society end and the individual begin? où s'arrête la société et où commence l'individu?;∎ to end in a point se terminer en pointe;∎ the discussion ended in an argument la discussion s'est terminée en dispute;∎ to end in failure/divorce se solder par un échec/un divorce;∎ the word ends in -ed le mot se termine par ou en -ed;∎ the book ends with a quotation le livre se termine par une citation;∎ it'll end in tears ça va mal finirpar le bout(a) (with ends adjacent) bout à bout(b) (from one end to another) d'un bout à l'autred'un bout à l'autrefinalement;∎ we got there in the end finalement nous y sommes arrivés, nous avons fini par y arriver;∎ he always pays me back in the end il finit toujours par me rendre ce qu'il me doit;∎ you'll get used to it in the end tu finiras par t'y habituer∎ familiar it upset her/cheered her up no end ça l'a bouleversée/ravie à un point (inimaginable);∎ it helped me no end ça m'a énormément aidé□∎ familiar it'll do you no end of good cela vous fera un bien fou;∎ to have no end of trouble doing sth avoir énormément de mal ou un mal fou ou un mal de chien à faire qch;∎ to think no end of sb porter qn aux nues;∎ we met no end of interesting people on a rencontré des tas de gens intéressants∎ to stand sth on end mettre qch debout;∎ her hair was standing on end elle avait les cheveux dressés sur la tête(b) (in succession) entier;∎ for hours/days on end pendant des heures entières/des jours entiers;∎ for four hours on end pendant quatre heures de suite ou d'affilée►► Railways end carriage wagon m de queue;Computing end key touche f fin;Technology end piece embout m;end product Industry & Commerce produit m final; figurative résultat m;end result résultat m final;American end run faux-fuyant m;end table bout m de canapé;Television & Cinema end titles générique m de fin;end zone (in American football) zone f d'en-butterminer;∎ they ended off the evening with a dance ils ont terminé la soirée par une dansefinir;∎ they ended up in Manchester ils se sont retrouvés à Manchester;∎ to end up in hospital/in prison finir à l'hôpital/en prison;∎ if you keep driving like that, you're going to end up killing yourself si tu continues à conduire comme ça, tu finiras par te tuer;∎ to end up doing sth finir par faire qch;∎ to end up (as) the boss/on the dole finir patron/chômeur;∎ I wonder what he'll end up as/how he'll end up je me demande ce qu'il deviendra/comment il finira -
19 Case, Jerome Increase
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1819 Williamstown, Oswego County, New York, USAd. 1891 USA[br]American manufacturer and founder of the Case company of agricultural engineers.[br]J.I.Case was the son of a former and began his working life operating the family's Groundhog threshing machine. He moved into contract threshing, and used the money he earned to pay his way through a business academy. He became the agent for the Groundhog thresher in his area and at the age of 23 decided to move west, taking six machines with him. He sold five of these to obtain working capital, and in 1842 moved from Williamstown, New York, to Rochester, Wisconsin, where he established his manufacturing company. He produced the first combined thresher-winnower in the US in 1843. Two years later he moved to Racine, on the shores of Lake Michigan in the same state. Within four years the Case company became Racine's biggest company and largest employer, a position it was to retain into the twentieth century. As early as 1860 Case was shipping threshing machines around the Horn to California.Apart from having practical expertise Case was also a skilled demonstrator, and it was this combination which resulted in the sure growth of his company. In 1869 he produced his first portable steam engine and in 1876 his first traction engine. By the mid 1870s he was selling a significant proportion of the machines in use in America. By 1878 Case threshing machines had penetrated the European market, and in 1885 sales to South America began. Case also became the world's largest manufacturer of steam engines.J.I.Case himself, whilst still actively involved with the company, also became involved in politics. He was Mayor of Racine for three terms and State Senator for two. He was also President of the Manufacturers' National Bank of Racine and Founder of the First National Bank of Burlington. He founded the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters and was President of the Racine County Agricultural Society. He had time for sport and was owner of the world's all-time champion trotter-pacer.Continued expansion of the company after J.I. Case's death led eventually to its acquisition by Tenneco in 1967, and in 1985 the company took over International Harvester. As Case I.H. it continues to produce a full range of agricultural, earth-moving and heavy-transport equipment.[br]Further ReadingDespite the size and importance of the company he created, very little has been written about Case. On particular anniversaries the company has produced celebratory publications, and surprisingly these still seem to be the main source of information about him.R.B.Gray, 1975, The Agricultural Tractor 1855–1950, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (traces the history of power on the farm, in which Case and his machines played such an important role).AP -
20 Ellington, Edward Bayzard
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 2 August 1845 London, Englandd. 10 November 1914 London, England[br]English hydraulic engineer who developed a direct-acting hydraulic lift.[br]Ellington was educated at Denmark Hill Grammar School, London, after which he became articled to John Penn of Greenwich. He stayed there until 1868, working latterly in the drawing office after a period of erecting plant and attending trials on board ship. For some twelve months he superintended the erection of Glengall Wharf, Old Kent Road, and the machinery used therein.In 1869 he went into partnership with Bryan Johnson of Chester, the company being known as Johnson \& Ellington, manufacturing mining and milling machinery. Under Ellington's influence, the firm specialized in the manufacture of hydraulic machinery. In 1874 the company acquired the right to manufacture the Brotherhood three-cylinder hydraulic engine; the company became the Hydraulic Engineering Company Ltd of Chester. Ellington developed a direct-acting hydraulic lift with a special balance arrangement that was smooth-acting and economical in water. He described the lift in a paper that was read to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) in 1882.Soon after Ellington joined the Chester firm, an Act of Parliament was passed, mainly due to his efforts, for the distribution of water under high pressure for the working of passenger and goods lifts and other hydraulic machinery in large towns. In 1872 he initiated the first hydraulic mains company at Hull, thus proving the practicability of the system of a high-pressure water-mains supply. Ellington remained as engineer to the Hull company until he was appointed a director in 1875. He was general manager and engineer of the General Hydraulic Power Company, which operated in London and had subsidiaries in Liverpool (opened in 1889), Manchester (1894) and Glasgow (1895). He maintained an interest in all these companies, as general manager and engineer, until his death.In 1895 he read another paper, "On hydraulic power in towns", to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In 1911 he became President of the IMechE; his Presidential Address was on the education of young engineers. In 1913 he delivered the Thomas Hawksley Lecture on "Water as a mechanical agent". He was Chairman of the Building Committee during the extension of the Institution's headquarters. Ellington was also a Member of Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a member of the Société des Ingé-nieurs Civils de France and a Governor of Imperial College of Science and Technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1875; Member of Council 1898– 1903; President 1911–12.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Ellington, Edward Bayzard
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